Fabrication of a Fully Printed Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on ZnO/rGO Using Ultraviolet-Ozone Treatment.

In this study, a room-temperature ammonia gas sensor using a ZnO and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite is developed. The sensor fabrication involved the innovative application of reverse offset and electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) techniques to create a ZnO/rGO sensing platform. The structural and chemical characteristics of the resulting material were comprehensively analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, EDS, and XPS, and rGO reduction was achieved via UV-ozone treatment. Electrical properties were assessed through I-V curves, demonstrating enhanced conductivity due to UV-ozone treatment and improved charge mobility from the formation of a ZnO-rGO heterojunction. Exposure to ammonia gas resulted in increased sensor responsiveness, with longer UV-ozone treatment durations yielding superior sensitivity. Furthermore, response and recovery times were measured, with the 10 min UV-ozone-treated sensor displaying optimal responsiveness. Performance evaluation revealed linear responsiveness to ammonia concentration with a high R2 value. The sensor also exhibited exceptional selectivity for ammonia compared to acetone and CO gases, making it a promising candidate for ammonia gas detection. This study shows the outstanding performance and potential applications of the ZnO/rGO-based ammonia gas sensor, promising significant contributions to the field of gas detection.

Fully Printed Cellulose Nanofiber-Ag Nanoparticle Composite for High-Performance Humidity Sensor.

This paper reports a high-performance humidity sensor made using a novel cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-silver nanoparticle (AgNP) sensing material. The interdigital electrode pattern was printed via reverse-offset printing using Ag nano-ink, and the sensing layer on the printed interdigitated electrode (IDE) was formed by depositing the CNF-AgNP composite via inkjet printing. The structure and morphology of the CNF-AgNP layer are characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, an X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The humidity-sensing performance of the prepared sensors is evaluated by measuring the impedance changes under the relative humidity variation between 10 and 90% relative humidity. The CNF-AgNP sensor exhibited very sensitive and fast humidity-sensing responses compared to the CNF sensor. The electrode distance effect and the response and recovery times are investigated. The enhanced humidity-sensing performance is reflected in the increased conductivity of the Ag nanoparticles and the adsorption of free water molecules associated with the porous characteristics of the CNF layer. The CNF-AgNP composite enables the development of highly sensitive, fast-responding, reproducible, flexible, and inexpensive humidity sensors.

Humidity Sensors Based on Cellulose Nanofiber Fabricated on a Three-Dimensional (3D) Curved Surface.

Traditional printed electronics processes have recently been utilized within 3D-printed structures where components and interconnects are introduced during manufacturing disruptions. The dielectric performance of 3D-printed materials has a low-resolution problem, and many technologies have been proposed for direct printing on a 3D curved surface or structure. This paper reports a humidity sensor fabricated with a 3D-printed electrode and cellulose nanofibers on a curved surface. The electrode part of an interdigital electrode (IDE) sensor is printed on a flat glass substrate and a 3D-curved glass substrate using a double blanket reverse offset. Subsequently, a cellulose nanofiber emulsion is coated onto the IDE pattern as a sensing layer with a dispenser. The electrical impedance of the sensor is measured with the relative humidity (RH) changes between 10% and 90% RH. The sensor demonstrates a high repeatability and sensitivity, even on a 3D curved substrate. This technology provides a promising method to integrate humidity sensors and 3D deformable surfaces.

Bio-signals Collecting System for Fatigue Level Classification.

Fatigue is a risk factor that reduces quality of life and work efficiency, and threatens safety in a high-risk environment. However, fatigue is not yet precisely defined and is not a quantified concept as it relies on subjective evaluation. The purpose of this study is to manage risks, improve mission efficiency, and prevent accidents through the development of machine learning and deep learning based fatigue level classifier. Acquiring true fatigue levels to train machine learning and deep learning fatigue classifier may play a fundamental role. Aims of this study are to develop a bio-signal collecting device and to establish a protocol for capturing and purifying data for extracting the true fatigue levels accurately. The bio-signal collection system gathered visual, thermal, and vocal signals at the same time for one minute. The true fatigue level of the subjects is classified through the Daily Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory and physiological indicators related to fatigue for screening the subjective factors out. The generated dataset is constructed as a DB along with the true fatigue levels and is provided to the research institutions. In conclusion, this study proposes a research method that collects bio-signals and extracts the true fatigue levels for training machine learning and deep learning based fatigue level classifier to evaluate the fatigue of healthy subjects in multi-levels.

The Psychomotor Cognition Test for Measurement of Sleepiness/Fatigue on a Touch Screen.

The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a simple and reliable performance test that measures sustained attention, alertness level, and fatigue level. The PVT is a convenient tool that can be used in real time in situ through a mobile device without the assistance of experts and therefore can be used to improve safety and prevent accidents. However, the original PVT is vulnerable to the subject's intentional concentration on the test, and the variance range among tests is narrow; these factors limit its usefulness in classifying the level of fatigue. This study overcome these limitations and develop the Psychomotor Cognition Test (PCT) by transforming the PVT into a tool that stably classifies fatigue levels, still requiring a short period of time. In the PCT, compared to the PVT, reaction time is significantly longer, and success rate is significantly lower (both p<0.0001). Whereas reaction time and success rate of the PVT do not show a significant correlation with fatigue level, those of the PCT show significant correlations with fatigue level, respectively (p<0.001). This study suggests that the PCT can be used in real time in situ as a risk management tool for workers performing dangerous tasks and can become an even more powerful tool when combined with other physiological indicators.

Transferrin-Conjugated Melittin-Loaded L-Arginine-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Mitigating Beta-Amyloid Pathology of the 5XFAD Mouse Brain.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases and a major contributor to dementia. Although the cause of this condition has been identified long ago as aberrant aggregations of amyloid and tau proteins, effective therapies for it remain elusive. The complexities of drug development for AD treatment are often compounded by the impermeable blood-brain barrier and low-yield brain delivery. In addition, the use of high drug concentrations to overcome this challenge may entail side effects. To address these challenges and enhance the precision of delivery into brain regions affected by amyloid aggregation, we proposed a transferrin-conjugated nanoparticle-based drug delivery system. The transferrin-conjugated melittin-loaded L-arginine-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Tf-MeLioNs) developed in this study successfully mitigated melittin-induced cytotoxicity and hemolysis in the cell culture system. In the 5XFAD mouse brain, Tf-MeLioNs remarkably reduced amyloid plaque accumulation, particularly in the hippocampus. This study suggested Tf-LioNs as a potential drug delivery platform and Tf-MeLioNs as a candidate for therapeutic drug targeting of amyloid plaques in AD. These findings provide a foundation for further exploration and advancement in AD therapeutics.

Effect Sizes of Cognitive and Locomotive Behavior Tests in the 5XFAD-J Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid ß (Aß) plaques in the brain, leading to cognitive impairment and other clinical symptoms. The 5XFAD mouse model is commonly used in AD research because it expresses five human transgenes that result in the accumulation of Aß plaques and cognitive decline at a relatively early age. Behavioral experiments are frequently conducted using this model; however, the effect size has not yet been reported. In this study, we examined basic cognition and locomotion in 5XFAD mice with a C57BL6/J background (5XFAD-J) at 6 months of age, a period in which impairments of cognitive function and locomotion are commonly observed. We analyzed the effect sizes of cognitive and locomotive experiments in the 5XFAD mice compared with those in the wild-type mice. Our results suggest that for long-term memory analysis, the novel object recognition test (p = 0.013, effect size 1.24) required a sample size of at least 12 to obtain meaningful results. Moreover, analysis of general locomotion over total distance with the Laboratory Animal Behavior Observation, Registration and Analysis System (LABORAS) test during the dark phase (p = 0.007, effect size -1.37) needed a sample size of 10 for a statistical power (1-ß) of 0.8. In conclusion, we can conduct more ethical and scientifically rigorous animal experiments using 5XFAD mice based on the effect and sample sizes suggested in this study.

Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation and Promotion of Osteogenic Formation by Wolfiporia extensa Mycelium.

Osteoporosis, Greek for "porous bone," is a bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone strength, microarchitectural changes in the bone tissues, and an increased risk of fracture. An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation may lead to chronic metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis. Wolfiporia extensa, known as "Bokryung" in Korea, is a fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae and has been used as a therapeutic food against various diseases. Medicinal mushrooms, mycelium and fungi, possess approximately 130 medicinal functions, including antitumor, immunomodulating, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects, and are therefore used to improve human health. In this study, we used osteoclast and osteoblast cell cultures treated with Wolfiporia extensa mycelium water extract (WEMWE) and investigated the effect of the fungus on bone homeostasis. Subsequently, we assessed its capacity to modulate both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation by performing osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic activity assays. We observed that WEMWE increased BMP-2-stimulated osteogenesis by inducing Smad-Runx2 signal pathway axis. In addition, we found that WEMWE decreased RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by blocking c-Fos/NFATc1 via the inhibition of ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Our results show that WEMWE can prevent and treat bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis, by a biphasic activity that sustains bone homeostasis. Therefore, we suggest that WEMWE can be used as a preventive and therapeutic drug.

Integrated Temperature-Humidity Sensors for a Pouch-Type Battery Using 100% Printing Process.

The performance, stability, and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries are influenced by variations in the flow of lithium ions with temperature. In electric vehicles, coolants are generally used to maintain the optimal temperature of the battery, leading to an increasing demand for temperature and humidity sensors that can prevent leakage and short circuits. In this study, humidity and temperature sensors were fabricated on a pouch film of a pouch-type battery. IDE electrodes were screen-printed on the pouch film and humidity- and temperature-sensing materials were printed using a dispenser process. Changes in the capacitance of the printed Ag-CNF film were used for humidity sensing, while changes in the resistance of the printed PEDOT:PSS film were used for temperature sensing. The two sensors were integrated into a single electrode for performance evaluation. The integrated sensor exhibited a response of ΔR ≈ 0.14 to temperature variations from 20 °C to 100 °C with 20% RH humidity as a reference, and a response of ΔC ≈ 2.8 to relative humidity changes from 20% RH to 80% RH at 20 °C. The fabricated integrated sensor is expected to contribute to efficient temperature and humidity monitoring applications in various pouch-type lithium-ion batteries.

Effect of Obesity and High-Density Lipoprotein Concentration on the Pathological Characteristics of Alzheimer's Disease in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

The typical pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain and reactivity of glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia. Clinically, the development of AD and obesity are known to be correlated. In this study, we analyzed the changes in AD pathological characteristics in 5XFAD mice after obesity induction through a high-fat diet (HFD). Surprisingly, high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein AI (APOA-I) serum levels were increased without low-density lipoprotein alteration in both HFD groups. The reactivity of astrocytes and microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and fornix of the hypothalamus in 5XFAD mice was decreased in the transgenic (TG)-HFD high group. Finally, the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus was also significantly decreased in the TG-HFD high group. These results suggest that increased high-density lipoprotein level, especially with increased APOA-I serum level, alleviates the pathological features of AD and could be a new potential therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.

Deep learning-based system development for black pine bast scale detection.

The prevention of the loss of agricultural resources caused by pests is an important issue. Advances are being made in technologies, but current farm management methods and equipment have not yet met the level required for precise pest control, and most rely on manual management by professional workers. Hence, a pest detection system based on deep learning was developed for the automatic pest density measurement. In the proposed system, an image capture device for pheromone traps was developed to solve nonuniform shooting distance and the reflection of the outer vinyl of the trap while capturing the images. Since the black pine bast scale pest is small, pheromone traps are captured as several subimages and they are used for training the deep learning model. Finally, they are integrated by an image stitching algorithm to form an entire trap image. These processes are managed with the developed smartphone application. The deep learning model detects the pests in the image. The experimental results indicate that the model achieves an F1 score of 0.90 and mAP of 94.7% and suggest that a deep learning model based on object detection can be used for quick and automatic detection of pests attracted to pheromone traps.

Four-step eco-friendly energy efficient recycling of contaminated Nd2Fe14B sludge and coercivity enhancement by reducing oxygen content.

Complete recycling of Nd2Fe14B sludge by chemical methods has gained significance in recent years, however, it is not easy to recycle highly contaminant sludge and obtain product with good magnetic properties. Herein we report a simple four-step process to recycle the Nd2Fe14B sludge containing ~ 10% of contaminants. Sludge was leached in H2SO4 and selectively co-precipitated in two steps. In the first co-precipitation, Al3+ and Cu2+ were removed at pH 6. Thereafter, in the second co-precipitation Fe2+ and RE3+ sulfates were converted to the Fe and RE hydroxides. By annealing at 800 °C RE and Fe hydroxides precipitates were converted to the oxides and residual carbon was oxidized to CO2. After the addition of boric acid, Fe and RE oxides were reduced and diffused to the (Nd-RE)2Fe14B by calciothermic reduction diffusion. Removal of CaO by washing with D.I. water in glove box reduced the oxygen content (~ 0.7%), improved crystallinity and enhanced the magnetic properties significantly. Coercivity increased more than three times (from 242.71 to 800.55 kA/m) and Mr value was also enhanced up to more than 20% (from 0.481 to 0.605 T). In this green process Na2SO4 and Ca(OH)2 were produced as by-product those are non-hazardous and were removed conveniently.

Novel eco-friendly low cost and energy efficient synthesis of (Nd-Pr-Dy)2Fe14B magnetic powder from monazite concentrate.

Syntheses of Nd2Fe14B magnetic powder by conventional method is a complicated multi-step process, which produces harmful pollutants and consumes a huge amount of energy and resources. Herein we report a simple chemical route for the preparation of (Nd-Pr)2Fe14B magnetic powder using monazite concentrate as a precursor. Th, U, Sm, and La impurities were removed from monazite leachate by roasting, solvent extraction and leaching the concentrate. Purified leachate consisting of Nd and Pr Chlorides was added to the FeCl3 solution, and the solution produced was co-precipitated with NaOH. RE and Fe hydroxide precipitates were converted to the oxides by annealing at 700 °C. Boric acid and CaH2 were added in the RE and Fe oxides produced, and this mixture was reduced and diffused to (Nd-Pr)2Fe14B. Magnetic properties of the (Nd-Pr)2Fe14B produced were enhanced by introducing antiferromagnetic coupling, induced by Dy addition and efficient removal of CaO byproduct through ball milling in ethanol which increased the BHmax from 3.9 to 11.45 MGOe. Process reported is energy efficient, environment-friendly, time saving and low-cost.

Disruption of the astrocyte-neuron interaction is responsible for the impairments in learning and memory in 5XFAD mice: an Alzheimer's disease animal model.

The morphological dynamics of astrocytes are altered in the hippocampus during memory induction. Astrocyte-neuron interactions on synapses are called tripartite synapses. These control the synaptic function in the central nervous system. Astrocytes are activated in a reactive state by STAT3 phosphorylation in 5XFAD mice, an Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal model. However, changes in astrocyte-neuron interactions in reactive or resting-state astrocytes during memory induction remain to be defined. Here, we investigated the time-dependent changes in astrocyte morphology and the number of astrocyte-neuron interactions in the hippocampus over the course of long-term memory formation in 5XFAD mice. Hippocampal-dependent long-term memory was induced using a contextual fear conditioning test in 5XFAD mice. The number of astrocytic processes increased in both wild-type and 5XFAD mice during memory formation. To assess astrocyte-neuron interactions in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, we counted the colocalization of glial fibrillary acidic protein and postsynaptic density protein 95 via immunofluorescence. Both groups revealed an increase in astrocyte-neuron interactions after memory induction. At 24 h after memory formation, the number of tripartite synapses returned to baseline levels in both groups. However, the total number of astrocyte-neuron interactions was significantly decreased in 5XFAD mice. Administration of Stattic, a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor, rescued the number of astrocyte-neuron interactions in 5XFAD mice. In conclusion, we suggest that a decreased number of astrocyte-neuron interactions may underlie memory impairment in the early stages of AD.

Enhancement of anisotropy energy of SmCo5 by ceasing the coupling at 2c sites in the crystal lattice with Cu substitution.

SmCo5 and SmCo5-xCux magnetic particles were produced by co-precipitation followed by reduction diffusion. HRTEM confirmed the Cu substitution in the SmCo5 lattice. Non-magnetic Cu was substituted at "2c" site in the SmCo5 crystal lattice and effectively stopped the coupling in its surroundings. This decoupling effect decreased magnetic moment from SmCo5 (12.86 µB) to SmCo4Cu (10.58 µB) and SmCo3Cu2 (7.79 µB) and enhanced anisotropy energy from SmCo5 (10.87 Mega erg/cm3) to SmCo4Cu (14.05 Mega erg/cm3) and SmCo3Cu2 (14.78 Mega erg/cm3). Enhancement of the anisotropy energy increased the coercivity as its values for SmCo5, SmCo4Cu and SmCo3Cu2 were recorded as 4.5, 5.97 and 6.99 kOe respectively. Being six times cheaper as compared to Co, substituted Cu reduced the price of SmCo3Cu2 up to 2%. Extra 15% Co was added which not only enhanced the Mr value but also reduced the 5% of the total cost because of additional weight added to the SmCo3Cu2. Method reported in this work is most energy efficient method on the synthesis of Sm-Co-Cu ternary alloys until now.

The Value of Low Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) Scores in Preventing Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies.

Background and Objectives: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) have become essential tools for prostate cancer evaluation. We evaluated the ability of PI-RADS scores in identifying significant prostate cancer, which would help avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies. Materials and Methods: Patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels ≤ 20 ng/mL, who underwent prostate MRI for evaluation from January 2018 to November 2019, were analyzed. Among them, 105 patients who received transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsy were included. PSA, PI-RADS scores (low 1-2, high 3-5), biopsy results, and Gleason scores (GS) were evaluated. Biopsies with GS higher than 3 + 4 were considered as significant cancers and biopsies with no cancer or Gleason 3 + 3 were considered insignificant or no cancers. Results: Among the 105 patients, 45 patients had low PI-RADS and 60 had high PI-RADS scores. There were no patients with significant prostate cancer in the low PI-RADS groups. For the high PI-RADS group, 28 (46.7%) patients had significant cancer and 32 (53.3%) had insignificant or no cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of high PI-RADS to detect significant cancer was 100% and 58.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 46.7% and negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusions: Low PI-RADS scores on MRI did not show significant prostate cancer and surveillance should be considered in selected cases to prevent unnecessary invasive procedures and overdiagnosis.

Determination of Dy substitution site in Nd2-xDyxFe14B by HAADF-STEM and illustration of magnetic anisotropy of "g" and "f" sites, before and after substitution.

Nd2Fe14B and Nd2-xDyxFe14B (x = 0.25, 0.50) particles were prepared by the modified co-precipitation followed by reduction-diffusion process. Bright field scanning transmission electron microscope (BF-STEM) image revealed the formation of Nd-Fe-B trigonal prisms in [- 101] viewing zone axis, confirming the formation of Nd2Fe14B/Nd2-xDyxFe14B. Accurate site for the Dy substitution in Nd2Fe14B crystal structure was determined as "f" site by using high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM). It was found that all the "g" sites are occupied by the Nd, meanwhile Dy occupied only the "f" site. Anti-ferromagnetic coupling at "f" site decreased the magnetic moment values for Nd1.75Dy0.25Fe14B (23.48 µB) and Nd1.5Dy0.5Fe14B (21.03 µB) as compared to Nd2Fe14B (25.50 µB). Reduction of magnetic moment increased the squareness ratio, coercivity and energy product. Analysis of magnetic anisotropy at constant magnetic field confirmed that "f" site substitution did not change the patterns of the anisotropy. Furthermore, magnetic moment of Nd2Fe14B, Nd2-xDyxFe14B, Nd ("f" site), Nd ("g" site) and Dy ("f" site) was recorded for all angles between 0° and 180°.

Head and neck free tissue transfer in a patient with factor V Leiden: case report and review of the literature.

Hypercoagulable disorders can compromise success of free flap reconstruction. Factor V Leiden is one such disorder for which only one previously reported case of successful free tissue transfer in the head and neck has been described. We report a 70-year-old woman with factor V Leiden treated for stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the mandible with a composite resection and reconstruction with an osteocutaneous scapular free tissue transfer. The free tissue transfer occurred without complications, in the setting of intraoperative heparin, postoperative aspirin, and enoxaparin. The free tissue transfer continues to be viable at her most recent follow-up appointment. The hypercoagulable patient represents a diverse presentation of increased coagulation risk in the perioperative period. Considering a patient's history and understanding available treatment adjuncts can factor heavily in a patient with factor V Leiden successfully undergoing free tissue transfer for head and neck defects.

Regulatory T Cells Conditioned Media Stimulates Migration in HaCaT Keratinocytes: Involvement of Wound Healing.

PURPOSE: Regulatory T (Treg) cells, a type of immune cell, play a very important role in the immune response as a subpopulation of T cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of Treg cells conditioned media (CM) on cell migration. Various cytokines and growth factors of Treg cells CM can effect on re-epithelialization stage during the wound healing. METHODS: Isolated CD4+CD25+ Treg cells from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were cultured and CM obtained. HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with various concentration of Treg cells CM. Cell migration, proliferation and expression of proteins that are related to the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) process, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were analyzed. RESULTS: Above 90% CD4+CD25+ Treg cells were obtained from CD8+ depleted PBMCs and the CM have various cytokines and growth factors.One percent and 5% concentration of Treg cells CM increased HaCaT keratinocytes migration. The Treg cells CM stimulated EMT, which led to the down-regulation of E-cadherin in the HaCaT keratinocytes at the wound edge. The Treg cells CM increased MMP-1, which is involved in tissue remodeling. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Treg cells CM which has various cytokines and growth factors promote wound healing by stimulating HaCaT keratinocytes migration.

Honokiol ameliorates angiotensin II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting HDAC6-mediated cystathionine γ-lyase degradation.

Hypertension and endothelial dysfunction are associated with various cardiovascular diseases. Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) produced by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) promotes vascular relaxation and lowers hypertension. Honokiol (HNK), a natural compound in the Magnolia plant, has been shown to retain multifunctional properties such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. However, a potential role of HNK in regulating CSE and hypertension remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to demonstrate that HNK co-treatment attenuated the vasoconstriction, hypertension and H2 S reduction caused by angiotensin II (AngII), a well-established inducer of hypertension. We previously found that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) mediates AngII-induced deacetylation of CSE, which facilitates its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Our current results indicated that HNK increased endothelial CSE protein levels by enhancing its stability in a sirtuin-3-independent manner. Notably, HNK could increase CSE acetylation levels by inhibiting HDAC6 catalytic activity, thereby blocking the AngII-induced degradative ubiquitination of CSE. CSE acetylation and ubiquitination occurred mainly on the lysine 73 (K73) residue. Conversely, its mutant (K73R) was resistant to both acetylation and ubiquitination, exhibiting higher protein stability than that of wild-type CSE. Collectively, our findings suggested that HNK treatment protects CSE against HDAC6-mediated degradation and may constitute an alternative for preventing endothelial dysfunction and hypertensive disorders.